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This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. Representational thinking, the thinking in images and ideas, the representedness, belongs to the objectness of objects. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. You are required to choose one prompt from the list below, and it must be exactly from this list and you cannot change the wording. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. Opinion is an orientation towards things as they would show themselves to a correct investigation and examination. 25. If one accepts the premises, one must also accept the conclusions that are drawn from them. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. Useful to/for whom? In active experience, we go forth to look for something. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. The Greeks, for example, did not have any values and the closest approximation we have to describe this situation is what the Greeks understood by virtue. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. In this search, we tend to look for things or at possible things which are far away from us rather than at those things that are nearest to us. To what areas of knowledge do the images/objects you have chosen belong? Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. no knowledge is permanent, and this is quite contrary to how the Greeks understood knowledge as in sophia and episteme; they understood that some things are permanent. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. . Ours has been an age of progress in that the knowledge that has been produced from the technological viewing of the world has brought about many benefits. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). The prompt indicates that human beings live within grounds or reasons and we view the objects of our world in terms of possibilities and potentialities. 6. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. You might wish to consider how IT managers and creators mold our acquisition of knowledge by how they portray information as knowledge and how our language is being formed and manipulated by what is considered knowledge through this technology of the helmsmen. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. In what ways do values affect the production of knowledge? What is essential is not mere ignorance, mere unfamiliarity, but a presumption of knowledge. Subjectivity does not mean subjectivism but is rather the dwelling of the claim of the principle of reason which has as its consequences the Information Age and the Age of Artificial Intelligence in which the particularity, separation and validity of the individual disappears in favour of total uniformity. Final TOK Exhibition.docx - Can new knowledge change established values They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. Technology itself is a disclosive looking and is not to be understood as manufacturing. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). 35. The modern world-picture, however, involves several components: mathematical science; machine technology; the reduction of art to an object of experience; the conception of all human activity as culture and as the realization of values (empowerment), the concern of a cultural policy politically; a godlessness that co-exists with the modernization of the Christian world-view and with intense religious experience. However, the heliocentric theory proved that the earth was spherical and the sun was at the center of the cosmos. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge?When we speak of the improvement in something, we are implying that the thing spoken about is better or is in a better condition than it was previously. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. in the highest sense not experimental. In determining the importance of the various tools that you may be choosing for your Exhibition, you will be making what is called a first order claim. Of course, the prompt should involve some thought regarding how we treat the world and the inhabitants within it and some thought must be given to how money is involved in many situations and conditions that students will have to face once they have made the grade and succeeded in the game where knowledge is valued according to its applications. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. She does not have the power within herself to restore health itself, but she can establish the conditions where nature restores the health required for the patient i.e. New knowledge then . That is, the thing must give itself back to us as an object prior to our investigation of it. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. pistis [pstis]; Lat. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. Does our knowledge depend on our interactions with other knowers? But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. There is no ancient or medieval system, an essential requirement for the reduction of the world to a picture. How this conflict will be resolved is a matter for the future, but one cannot be optimistic regarding what the outcomes might be. The roles of the media in its various forms is something that will need to be addressed. It is not a truth relativism; it may reveal or it may not. What we understand by our word calculus is also determined from this understanding. Sophia and episteme arenot opinion because they are already complete i.e. A discussion of what values and beliefs are might be demonstrated and you might find this link helpful. Your TOK exhibition is worth 35% of the grade. It is concerned with the propernaming of the things. which is its completeness of the calculably secure establishing of objects and the securing of the calculability of our reckoning with them. What is a sufficient reason? Can you explain it? If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. 12. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). Answer: Updating beliefs with new knowledge should be heavily influenced by motivation and epistemological values. Take a closer look at the IB curriculum that you are studying. Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. It becomes something subjective. Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. Our word monster finds its root inmonere or warning. Originally it did not have any connection with numbers, per se. Theory of knowledge (TOK) at BBIS | World Schools We view material tools as technology, but as our writing on technology demonstrates, while this is a correct understanding of what technology is, it does not get us to the essence of technology: the tools are the outcome of what the essence of technology is and they are brought into being because technology provides the open space for their ability to be. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Until they become a thing, they are not knowable. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. It must be that we feel that we have nothing to learn from the thinking that occurred before this time, or perhaps we feel that we already know the discussions that the great minds undertook regarding things in the past and that we can learn about them but not from them. What is encountered and brought to a standstill is the object. TOK Exhibition by Hennd Benabderrazak - Prezi You have to chooseone of the following prompts and your choice of prompt will determine the methodology or the pathway as well as the design or plan that you will follow to arrive at your interpretation of the images or objects you have chosen. Thank you sm for this post!!! The concreteness of the Exhibition itself is a product of your work and you will provide the first order descriptions of the images and things you have chosen. the doctors knowledge is that of abetting what is true of nature in regard to the health of human beings. As the philosopher Kant said: The mind makes the object. This calculus or reckoning is not only present in mathematics; it is the foundation or ground of the utilitarian principles of ethics. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs | PDF You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. the technological. The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. This system is called the technological in other areas of this writing. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. Fortunately the Greeks had no experiences Hence they did not believe that the point of art is to provide them. (Heidegger). Certainly the greatest change in our human being-in-the-world occurs due to our change in our relationship to Nature. when so much then so much. What we call our knowledge requires that what we consider the knowledge to be must be rendered or handed over to others so that it may be justified and made secure. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. Ethics study what people should do and speaks about ideal behaviour. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs tok -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object Our understandings and interpretations of our experiences are, for the most part, culturally determined and this is what we have come to call shared knowledge. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. To experience can be understood in many ways. Hence, even though the movie proves how gaining personal knowledge can lead to a change in personal values and beliefs, it does not comply with all the families in the world. This is a challenging task and I've created a blog post explaining how you to get all of the marks on these here ). This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. It has the connotations of to live, or to live through. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. 16. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. Exhibition. Arts purpose is to change the manner in which we see or view the world. Modern technology employs modern science. Answer (1 of 25): A value judgment must be based on knowledge, belief, or assumption (assumption as in a generalization). Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. A total world-view cannot understand itself, for from this understanding would come a questioning that would put the total world-view in question. Can New Knowledge Change Established Values or Beliefs This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. All translation is an interpretation. With regard to the production of knowledge, Shakespeares The art is nature perhaps captures it best; it is what we as human beings are. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. (cf. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. All that matters is the quality of the feeling or experience, since these experiences can have no significance for our lives or our world. Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. Can new knowledge changr established values or beliefs? Can you give Historicism dominates all presentations of what has come to be called knowledge in the 21st century. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. If one follows through on this distinction between ignorance and madness, one can see that a great deal of madness is prevalent today in advanced societies. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. With the knowledge that we gain from algebraic calculation, it should come as no surprise that what is called finite calculus was established by the founder of the principle of reason Gottfried Leibniz. She can help bring that health out into the open. Can we do it is prior to should we do it, for we have lost any sense of should. The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge: We might begin a response to this prompt by saying that if there are things then they are knowable by the very fact of their being a thing. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. This prompt and topic is dealt with at greater length in the following links:CT 1: Perspectives (WOKs). The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. To whom or to what are we obliged to them and why? It may be useful to you to determine which prompts belong to the same sub-group in terms of their main theme. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. the soul that is not prepared for it and does not possess genuine education. This can be done through perception and calculation. 194. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? In what and from where does our word values have its origins? Reliability is that which can be counted on in any situation that we are concerned with from the choosing of snow tires to the choosing of the surgeon for our next operation, so in many respects this prompt is similar to Prompt #1 in that both the end and use and the characteristics of the knowledge with which we wish to engage and use are at play here. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts - IBMastery We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. Our falling away into subjective truth is not a fault of human beings: that the gods offered themselves more fully to the Greeks than to us is not our fault. One of the possible approaches to this prompt is to distinguish between the implications of having or not having self-knowledge and of having or not having shared knowledge. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. These second-order claims are justified using the principle of sufficient reason which usually involves an examination of the nature of the knowledge that you are investigating and the nature of the tools that are used to produce or acquire such knowledge. You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. The Greek polis is not properly understood as a culture, and we do not translate Platos Republic, for instance, as Platos Culture, yet the discussions in that dialogue are what we would understand as culture. Hence, humanism arises at the same time as the world-picture, a philosophical interpretation of man that explains beings as a whole in terms of man and with a view to man. New knowledge can change established values and beliefs in many different ways. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. What we call knowledge involves truth and judgement. Both Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts film Prometheus are warnings of the implications of seeking some kinds of knowledge without considering the ends of such knowledge. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. The what and the how of the object is already pre-determined and the inquiry is to find an understanding of the why. A sufficient reason is both a demonstration and an explanation of some thing or event, but the thing or event must be made and become an object of inquiry a priori through the application of the principle of sufficient reason. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. Why is an alternative approach necessary? Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. They. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. It lacks evident correctness, evidence. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? This is the contradiction we live within. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. Because not all of a work of art or a poem, for instance, can be accounted for through these calculations, we refer to our responses to them as subjective and we strive to give an account of the work which will overcome this subjectivity and will conform to the principle of sufficient reason, a giving of an adequate account with the evidence for such an account.Our mode of access to a type of thing, e.g.