Encyclopedia.com. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Kasozi, A. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. Okot p'Bitek (1971). Ocheng, D. O. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. PDF University of Bradford eThesis (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. NRA in 1986. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Among other provisions, this legislation specifically amended IRC Section 527 (j) to require the e-filing of Form 8872, Political . the nations capital Kampala in 1988. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. London: Oxford University Press. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Occasional Paper no. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. During this time, people were separated from their land for long periods, and many people disappeared or were killed. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR 1544957. "Acholi of as dialects of Acholi. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Aristotle wrote that politics stems . with the British was through Samuel Baker. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Death and Afterlife. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included identity is rather disputed. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one (1991). Location. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. The Acholi region and language 51 - The history and politics of The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. Industrial Arts. [1994], p. 80). (February 23, 2023). A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Western Nilotic Eastern Nilotic Southern Nilotic, Burun Lwoo Nuer-Dinka Teso-Turkana Bari Maa-Lotuko, North South The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. authority of a district commissioner. Orientation Vincent (2012). connected and intertwined chiefdoms. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Political Organizations | Encyclopedia.com Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). This has continued in various guises ever since. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. (1972). It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern Lineage heads, assisted by lineage elders, organized both production (based on cooperative village-lineage labor) and reproduction (through the control of the material means and ideological rules of marriage). The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. (1988). From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Wright, A. C. A. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Updates? latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. More This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. element of the social and political environment of the region. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. "Acholi-Arab Nubian Relations in the Nineteenth Century." Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. B. Webster, eds. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and - CORE Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Shilluk Acholi The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. With the coming of the ivory Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." Arts. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 southern parts of the country. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not