Networks such as Iowa Public Radio, South Dakota Public Radio, and Wisconsin Public Radio began under this structure. Which of the following statements best characterizes media ownership in the United States? Digital Radio. Public television and radio in the U.S. has, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from conservative politicians and think-tanks (such as The Heritage Foundation), which allege that its programming has a leftist bias. Music stations are probably best known for playing classical music, although other formats are offered, including the time-honored "eclectic" music format that is rather freeform in nature common among college radio stations. As with renewal applications, you can also file an informal objection to these types of applications, or any other application, at any time before we either grant or deny the application. contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian. Although, for the reasons discussed earlier, the Commission is generally prohibited from regulating broadcast content, the courts have held that the FCCs regulation of obscene and indecent programming is constitutional because of societys interest in protecting children from potentially harmful programming and supporting parents ability to determine the programming their children will be exposed to at home. However, some programming, such as news and sporting events, and unedited movies aired on premium cable channels, are not rated. Comments/Complaints to FCCBroadcast Information Specialists. Time Brokerage Agreements The emergency information may be closed captioned or presented through an alternative method of visual presentation. During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court. As discussed in more detail further in this Manual, each commercial station and most noncommercial stations must provide the public with information about how it has met its obligation in a quarterly report. When filing these types of applications, the applicant is required to publish a series of notices, generally in a local newspaper, containing information similar to that noted above regarding renewal applications. Commercial Limits However, that notification is not necessary when the other party knows that the conversation will be broadcast or this knowledge can be reasonably presumed, such as when the party is associated with the station (for example, as an employee or part-time reporter) or originates the call during a program during which the station customarily broadcasts the calls. PBS' incorporation coincided with the merger of NET's New York City station, Newark, New Jersey-licensed WNDT (which became WNET), into National Educational Television, the impetus of which was to continue receiving funding by Ford and the CPB. How to File an Obscenity, Indecency, or Profanity Complaint The FCC was created by Congress in the Communications Act for the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States, without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex, a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communications service . . Additionally, certain navigation devices must make on-screen text menus and guides used for the display or selection of video programming audibly accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Broadcasting obscene content is prohibited by law at all times of the day. Distributors and providers must enable the rendering or pass through of all required captions to the end user. In addition to (or instead of) filing a complaint, you can file a petition to deny or an informal objection to an application that a station licensee has filed, such as a license renewal application. The local stations then contract with program distributors and also provide some programming themselves. A PDF version of this document is available HERE. How to File a Loud Commercial Complaint NPR produces its own programming (PBS, by contrast, does not create its own content, which is instead produced by select member stations and independent program distributors). Some stations also derive a portion of their funding from federal, state and local governments and government-funded colleges and universities, in addition to receiving free use of the public radio spectrum. The statute and FCC rules list a number of exceptions to this prohibition, principally advertisements for: In 1999, the Supreme Court held that the prohibition on broadcasting advertisements for lawful casino gambling could not constitutionally be applied to truthful advertisements broadcast by radio or television stations licensed in states where gambling is legal. Facts of the case. . Political Science Exam #2 Flashcards | Quizlet These devices must include a simple and easy to use mechanism for accessing closed captioning and video description. As directed by Congress in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC has adopted rules requiring closed captioning of most, but not all, television programming. While program and production expenses comprise only a portion of overall station expenses, an increase in these kinds of expenditures indicates that the stations are directing more dollars toward the creation of news content. Purpose of the File. Closed captioning is hidden as encoded data transmitted within the television signal. Broadcasting in the United States began with experiments with wireless transmission during the middle of the 19th century, with varying degrees of success. The FCC reviews EEO compliance at the time it considers the station renewal application, when it reviews public file reports at the mid-point of license terms, when it receives EEO complaints, and during random station audits. Public broadcasting in the United States is not essentially a public service broadcaster, although it sometimes acts as one. All the major broadcast networks and most of the major cable networks encode their programming with this ratings information to work with the V-Chip. Between the call letters and its community, the station may insert the name of the licensee, the stations channel number, and/or its frequency. Sources of funding also include on-air and online pledge drives and the sale of underwriting "spots" (typically running 1530 seconds) to sponsors. Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination. For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. Broadcast licenses generally expire on a staggered basis, by state, with most radio licenses expiring between October 1, 2019, and August 1, 2022, and most television licenses expiring between October 1, 2020, and August 1, 2023, one year after the radio licenses in the same state. Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars. declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state of discrimination. In April 2007, the Commission delivered a Report to Congress recommending that the industry voluntarily commit to reducing the amount of this programming viewed by children. The request and disposition must be placed in the file as soon as possible, which the Commission has determined is immediately absent extraordinary circumstances. Which U.S. president ushered in the tax revolt and the deregulation of many government policies in the 1980's? 9050 Junction Drive Stations must renew their licenses before they expire. Stations that filed Form 397 during their current license terms should keep the form in their public file until grant of their next license renewal application.). Each commercial full power and Class A station must keep a copy of its decision in the public file for the three-year period to which it pertains. Please be aware that we can only act on allegations that a station has violated a provision of the Communications Act or the FCC's rules or policies. public broadcasting in the united states quizlet Closed Captioning Class A television, low power television and television translator stations are neither designated commercial or NCE. there is a division of opinion among conservatives, with pro-business conservatives accepting immigration and social conservatives strongly opposing immigration to the United States. As mentioned above, the Commissions rules implementing the CTAs limits on commercial matter in childrens programming require commercial TV broadcasters to limit the amount of commercial matter in childrens programs to no more than 10.5 minutes/hour on weekends and 12 minutes/hour on weekdays. The Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, is an independent agency that regulates the broadcast industry in the United States; it does not own or control the communication networks of broadcast media, but it does regulate the content and ownership of the media. C. Mispriced securities are common in efficient markets. Closed captioning is a technology designed to provide access to television programming by persons with hearing disabilities by displaying, in text form, the audio portion of a broadcast, as well as descriptions of background noise and sound effects. The financial picture for news outlets in public broadcasting appeared strong both locally and nationally. It directs us to base our broadcast licensing decisions on whether those actions will serve the public interest, convenience, and necessity. PBS and American Public Television (formerly Eastern Educational Television Network) distribute television programs to a nationwide system of independently owned and operated television stations (some having the term "PBS" in their branding) supported largely by state and federal governments as well as viewer support (including from pledge drives that many public television outlets carry for two- to three-week periods at least twice per year, at dates that vary depending on the station or regional network), with commercial underwriters donating to specific programs and receiving a short thanks for their contributions. Partly because of this belief, although it accounts for only a small fraction of government spending overall, some conservatives (including Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush and Donald Trump, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich) have made various efforts to defund or privatize the Corporation for Public Broadcasting through federal budget legislation. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/v-chip-putting-restrictions-what-yo https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/childrens-educational-television, https://www.fcc.gov/media/television/childrens-educational-television-reporting-form-2100-schedule-h, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and-solicitation-funds. NPR also receives some direct funding from private donors, foundations, and from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Unlike National Public Radio, however, PBS largely does not produce any of the programs it broadcasts nor has an in-house news division; all PBS programs are produced by individual member stations and outside production firms for distribution to its member stations through the network feed. When racial segregation in schools is the result of hundreds of thousands of housing choices made by individuals and families rather than the result of law, it is referred to as delayed desegregation efforts by authorizing school districts to place each pupil in a school according to a variety of academic, personal, and psychological considerations.