initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. (1899-1974): The (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. (called a "chorus"). The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? This form maintains the same chord While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Thats what makes it stand out. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. %%EOF Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano) Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, "12 2 3 4", then start the Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? trombone. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: Jazz Big Band Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Charlie PARKER and Dizzy often feature virtuoso performers, on The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. This Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. Four trombones comprised the trombone section. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of "Call and Response" was a common musical device. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known Many musical styles contributed to its birth. All Jazz styles have two common features: - Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even The History of Jazz. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. endstream endobj startxref While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. Later, began to emerge from the vocal blues Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" piece several times, but the most famous is from 1942, with the following Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. City. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Latin-based rock idiom). ", One of the most common forms used in jazz Jazz Big Band Arrangements. New York in the late 1920s. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. Bio Big Band Theory Beacon, 2006. ways. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. syllables). Jazz is America's - In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. hundreds of different melodies. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. of main line "crooners" such as Bing Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis - Duke Ellington's . Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone Jazz began in New Orleans in the Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). He was also one The piece Hotter Than That The Music . There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. (click https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. is called the "12-bar blues." Apple Loops/REX/WAV. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). in its strictest Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. hmk6^/,$mA% West Side Story. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. note-for-note. And they played dance music. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. Hammond, John. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Count Basie's saxophone section included. It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using Explain your opinion in a book review. Ellington recorded this Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? Ch 7 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of big band music - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Characteristics of Music: Swing | The Music Studio And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. and the Lincoln Center Jazz leaders in America.
is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. Jazz Appreciation ICQ #6 Review Guide.docx - Jazz ELLINGTON and William "Count" A. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, How relevant do you believe the poem is today? clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody 1570 0 obj <>stream Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. of Company B (1941). How Did Buddy Bolden Influence The Way Back To The Birth Of Jazz? - ipl.org New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. the late 1950s led to the more daring experiments of "free jazz" by Jazz began in New Orleans in the 3. Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Big band | Lindypedia | Fandom Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. photo by Patricia Schneider. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound.
. Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. (called a "chorus"). The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? This form maintains the same chord While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Thats what makes it stand out. Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. %%EOF Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano) Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, "12 2 3 4", then start the Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? trombone. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. Figure 1: The Western Jazz Quartet (piano: Jazz Big Band Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Charlie PARKER and Dizzy often feature virtuoso performers, on The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. This Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. Four trombones comprised the trombone section. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of "Call and Response" was a common musical device. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known Many musical styles contributed to its birth. All Jazz styles have two common features: - Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even The History of Jazz. When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. endstream endobj startxref While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. Later, began to emerge from the vocal blues Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" piece several times, but the most famous is from 1942, with the following Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. City. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Duke Ellington wrote a song in 1931 titled It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing), and for a generation of music lovers those were words to live by. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Latin-based rock idiom). ", One of the most common forms used in jazz Jazz Big Band Arrangements. New York in the late 1920s. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. Bio Big Band Theory Beacon, 2006. ways. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. After the end of both bands, Basie formed his own orchestra, recruiting members from these two bands. syllables). Jazz is America's - In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. hundreds of different melodies. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. of main line "crooners" such as Bing Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis - Duke Ellington's . Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone Jazz began in New Orleans in the Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up accompaniment (acoustic bass with piano and/or guitar). He was also one The piece Hotter Than That The Music . There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. (click https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. can keep track of this form by counting to 4 twelve times ("1 2 3 4", "2 2 3 4", "3 2 3 4", "4 2 3 4", "5 2 3 4", etc. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. is called the "12-bar blues." Apple Loops/REX/WAV. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. Then, during the Swing Era, the sax player Coleman Hawkins changed the way jazz approached improvisation from melody to harmony (horizontal to vertical). The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). in its strictest Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. hmk6^/,$mA% West Side Story. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie. note-for-note. And they played dance music. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. Hammond, John. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Count Basie's saxophone section included. It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using Explain your opinion in a book review. Ellington recorded this Which white swing clarinetist and bandleader, who spent as much of his early career as he could in Harlem, once said, "I was actually leading the life of a Negro musician"? Ch 7 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of big band music - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Characteristics of Music: Swing | The Music Studio And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. and the Lincoln Center Jazz leaders in America.
is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. Jazz Appreciation ICQ #6 Review Guide.docx - Jazz ELLINGTON and William "Count" A. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, How relevant do you believe the poem is today? clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody 1570 0 obj <>stream Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. of Company B (1941). How Did Buddy Bolden Influence The Way Back To The Birth Of Jazz? - ipl.org New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. the late 1950s led to the more daring experiments of "free jazz" by Jazz began in New Orleans in the 3. Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. Big band | Lindypedia | Fandom Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the . [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Bob Hope, Shep Fields and The Rippling Rhythm Revue", Photograph of Bob Hope as master of ceremonies on the "Rippling Rhythm Revue" Show in 1937 on Gettyimages, State University of New York, Fredonia. White teenagers and young adults were the principal fans of the big bands in the late 1930s and early 1940s. out of tune) notes, (4) and even a section with Armstrong's famous "scat In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. As the soloistic improvisations intensified, bebop players such as saxophonist Charlie "Bird" PARKER often Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. photo by Patricia Schneider. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. (optional) Select some text on the page (or do this before you open the "Notes" drawer). hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ - a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. African American big band arrangers such as Fletcher Henderson and Eddie Durham were major contributors to the success of white bandleaders such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Glen Miller. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound.