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Here, the White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. As one Qing official complained:[6], "The rebels are all our own subjects. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. 22 Feb. 2023 . however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. This page was last updated at 2022-12-21 05:40 UTC. Chien-lung The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. ", Dai, Yingcong. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. White Lotus - Wikiwand A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. However, the date of retrieval is often important. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. Qing Dynasty Inventions & Innovations - Totally History The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. At the . The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. The White Lotus Secret Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. Nothing is known of his end. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. How did the Rebellion impact the Qing dynasty? How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. . Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history. Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo Szczepanski, Kallie. After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. Kublai Khan The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. (2020, August 27). [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . XIX Century Civil Wars. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers.