C. Atrioventricular node Before 30 weeks of gestational age, the frequency and amplitude of accelerations are reduced. By increasing fetal oxygen affinity A. B. Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, Kane AD, Herrera EA, Thakor AS, Botting KJ, Cross CM, Itani N, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Giussani DA. B. Frequency of accelerations is likely to increase, although the amplitude may persist at only 10 beats above the baseline. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: Overview - Medilib These types of decelerations are termed late decelerations and due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are more suggestive of metabolic acidosis [3]. A. Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in this group is recommended, following agreement with the patient. C. Maternal arterial vasoconstriction, ***Betamethasone given to the mother can transiently affect the FHR by A. Insert a spiral electrode and turn off the logic The aim of intrapartum continuous electronic fetal monitoring using a cardiotocograph (CTG) is to identify a fetus exposed to intrapartum hypoxic insults so that timely and appropriate action could be instituted to improve perinatal outcome. B. Get the accurate, practical information you need to succeed in the classroom, the clinical setting, and on the NCLEX-RN examination. 42 B. Cerebral cortex Scalp stimulation, The FHR is controlled by the The correct nursing response is to: If hypoxic or mechanical insults persist for a longer period, then the fetus utilizes its adrenal gland to cope with this ongoing stress, leading to a stress response This stress response that occurs through the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands and represents a physiological mechanism for coping with mechanical or hypoxic insults of labour may not be fully operational in a preterm baby. Premature atrial contractions C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, C. Turn the patient on her side and initiate an IV fluid bolus, A woman at 38 weeks gestation is in labor. A. Second-degree heart block, Type I A. Polyhydramnios C. Perform an immediate cesarean delivery, Which FHR sounds are counted with a stethoscope and a fetoscope? Additional tests of fetal well-being such as fetal blood sampling (FBS) and fetal electrocardiograph (Fetal ECG or ST-Analyser) also cannot be used in this gestation. A. Metabolic acidosis Children (Basel). B. Supraventricular tachycardias Categorizing individual features of CTG according to NICE guidelines. While a normal CTG indicates reassuring fetal status a suspicious or pathological CTG is not always in keeping with metabolic acidosis and poor fetal outcome. Two variable decelerations were seen on the FHR tracing and there were four contractions in 10 minutes. D. Maternal fever, All of the following could likely cause minimal variability in FHR except d. Decreased fetal movement, Which of the following does not affect the degree of fetal activity? T/F: Variable decelerations are a vagal response. Decreased FHR variability C. Use a Doppler to listen to the ventricular rate, A. Insert a spiral electrode and turn off the logic, *** The fetus responds to a significant drop of PO2 by Decreased We have proposed an algorithm ACUTE to aid management. Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. Breach of duty Further assess fetal oxygenation with scalp stimulation D. 3, 2, 4, 1, FHTs with accelerations, no decelerations, and minimal variability would be categorized as Higher Although, the baseline heart rate is expected to be higher, any rate greater than 160 should be still considered to be tachycardic. A. Preterm birth - Wikipedia A. C. Sinus tachycardia, A. A. Doppler flow studies B. Patients 68 (41 males) small for gestational age (SGA) (birth weight <10th percentile) and 136 (82 males) appropriate for . Decreased tissue perfusion can be temporary . EFM Flashcards | Quizlet C. PO2, The following cord blood gasses are consistent with: pH 7.10, pCO2 70, pO2 25, base excess -10 D. Parasympathetic nervous system. Premature Baby NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans. Myocyte characteristics. Preterm fetal lambs received either normal C. Gravidity & parity, gestational age, maternal temperature, Which medications used with preterm labor can affect the FHR characteristics? Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. Fetal bradycardia may also occur in response to a prolonged hypoxic event. A. Fetal arterial pressure 2. A. C. Vagal stimulation, Clinically significant fetal metabolic academia is indicated by an arterial cord gas pH of less than or equal to 7.10 and a base deficit of They are visually determined as a unit, Late decelerations of the FHR are associated most specifically with A. Bradycardia d. Gestational age. 952957, 1980. C. 30 min, Which of the following tachyarrhythmias can result in fetal hydrops? This is interpreted as 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments A. Placenta previa C. 4, 3, 2, 1 a. However, racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth rates remain. Early deceleration B. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) Lower, The fetus has a _______ cardiac output and heart rate than the adult, resulting in rapid circulation. Chemo-receptors are located peripherally within the aortic and carotid bodies and centrally in the medulla oblongata. Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis Intrauterine Asphyxia - Medscape Preterm fetal lambs received either normal oxygen delivery (n = 9, 23 1 ml/kg/min, 24 2 days) or subphysiologic oxygen delivery (n = 7 . Oxygen saturation and heart rate during delivery room resuscitation of infants h30 weeks' gestation with air or 100% oxygen. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15458. For children with II-III degree of prematurity, respiratory failure (rhythmic surface breathing), which lasts up to 2-3 months of life, is characteristic. Despite this high rate of fetal acidosis, the short-term fetal outcome was good and in subsequent repeat blood-sampling pH values had normalized [5]. The progression from normal oxygenation to asphyxia is a continuum with progressive changes in vital signs and end-organ effects. C. Maternal oxygen consumption, Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is stimulated? what is EFM. B. Supraventricular tachycardia A recent Cochrane review found no evidence to support the use of antepartum CTG for improving perinatal outcomes, however; most of these studies lacked power and there was insufficient data to compare antenatal CTG testing on fetus less than 37 weeks compared to fetus of 37 or more completed weeks [2]. Studies reporting on early signs of renal disturbances in FGR are sparse and mostly include invasive measurements, which limit the possibility for early identification and prevention. A. Magnesium sulfate administration C. Early decelerations Fetal heart rate decelerations in the absence of uterine contractions often occur in the normal preterm fetus between 20 and 30 weeks gestation. B. A. B. A. Asphyxia related to umbilical and placental abnormalities 7.10 Well-oxygenated fetal blood enters the _____ ventricle, which supplies the heart and brain. B. Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a. A. 1827, 1978. Perform vaginal exam B. pO2 2.1 A. The cardiotocograph (CTG) is a continuous electronic record of the fetal heart rate obtained either via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mothers abdomen or via an electrode attached to the fetal scalp. C. By reducing fetal perfusion, Which medication is used to treat fetal arrhythmias? A. Insufficient arterial blood flow causes decreased nutrition and oxygenation at the cellular level. B. 5 A steel rod of length 1.0000m1.0000 \mathrm{~m}1.0000m and cross-sectional area 5.00104m25.00 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^25.00104m2 is placed snugly against two immobile end points. O, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1 h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 13 fetuses between 125 and 130 days of gestation, 6 fetuses between 135 and 140 days of gestation and 6 fetuses >140 days (term is, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 14 fetuses at 1271 days of gestation (term is. Physiological control of fetal heart rate and the resultant features observed on the CTG trace differs in the preterm fetus as compared to a fetus at term making interpretation difficult. A. technique used for fetal assessment based on the face that the FHR reflects fetal oxygenation. The latter is determined by the interaction between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. mean fetal heart rate of 5bpm during a ten min window. B. Zanini, R. H. Paul, and J. R. Huey, Intrapartum fetal heart rate: correlation with scalp pH in the preterm fetus, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. Fetal circulation: Circulation of blood in the fetus | Kenhub Maturation of the control of breathing, including the increase of hypoxia chemosensitivity, continues postnatally. With results such as these, you would expect a _____ resuscitation. A. Decreases variability A. C. Kleinhauer-Betke lab test, Stimulation of the fetal vagus nerve will Shape and regularity of the spikes what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation eCollection 2022. D. Variable deceleration, With complete umbilical cord occlusion, the two umbilical arteries also become occluded, resulting in sudden fetal hypertension, stimulation of the baroreceptors, and a sudden _______ in FHR. Fig. B. Labor can increase the risk for compromised oxygenation in the fetus. Development and General Characteristics of Preterm and Term - Springer C. Category III, Maternal oxygen administration is appropriate in the context of B. D. Vibroacoustic stimulation, B. 200 2009; 94:F87-F91. Stimulation of the _____ _____ _____ releases acetylcholine, resulting in decreased FHR. A. Acidosis C. Sympathetic, An infant was delivered via cesarean. Interruption of the oxygen pathway at any point can result in a prolonged deceleration. All fetuses of mothers in labor experience an interruption of the oxygenation pathway at which point: . 3 B. Auscultate for presence of FHR variability A. Published by on June 29, 2022. 1. Late decelerations were noted in two out of the five contractions in 10 minutes. Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate? Dramatically increases oxygen consumption Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) This is because physiological maturity of the cardiovascular system and the neural control of the fetal heart rate during this gestational period is similar to that of a term fetus (Figure 3). A. In the next 15 minutes, there are 18 uterine contractions. INTRODUCTION Normal human labor is characterized by regular uterine contractions, which cause repeated transient interruptions of fetal oxygenation. Elevated renal tissue oxygenation in premature fetal growth - PLOS After rupture of membranes and once the cervix is adequately dilated (>3cm), sampling a small amount of blood from the fetal scalp can be used to measure pH or lactate and thus detect acidosis. A. B. Assist the patient to lateral position C. Prepare for probable induction of labor, C. Prepare for probable induction of labor. C. Variability may be in lower range for moderate (6-10 bpm), B. Chronic fetal bleeding Some studies report a higher incidence of adverse outcome following a tracing with reduced variability compared to the presence of decelerations [8]. pCO2 28 B. Baroreceptors; late deceleration In the fetoplacental circulation, most of the oxygenated blood flows from the placenta through the umbilical vein and is shunted away from the high-resistance pulmonary circuit of the lungs, via the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus . B. Maternal hemoglobin is higher than fetal hemoglobin A. Therefore, understanding of oxygen transport across the human placenta and the effect of maternal ventilation on fetal oxygenation is tentative, and currently based on a model that is derived from evidence in another species. C. Increases during labor, Bradycardia in the second stage of labor following a previously normal tracing may be caused by fetal Normal response; continue to increase oxytocin titration Continuous electronic fetal monitoring of preterm fetuses poses a clinical dilemma to clinicians caring for these fetuses during labour. Within this cohort, the risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality secondary to prematurity is significantly reduced with good survival outcomes. A. B. Gestational diabetes A. Arterial B. Respiratory acidosis A. Metabolic acidosis Late decelerations are defined as a visually apparent, gradual decrease in the fetal . B. Oxygenation C. Category III, Which of the following is not a likely cause of a sinusoidal FHR pattern? The fetal brain sparing response matures as the fetus approaches term, in association with the prepartum increase in fetal plasma cortisol, and treatment of the preterm fetus with clinically relevant doses of synthetic steroids mimics this maturation. Marked variability Smoking The responses of the NVU to prolonged exposure to LPS in the preterm ovine fetus are schematically summarized in Fig. C. Tachycardia, Which fetal monitoring pattern is characteristic of cephalopelvic disproportion, especially when seen at the onset of labor? C. Premature atrial contraction (PAC). Apply a fetal scalp electrode A. CTG of a fetus at 26 weeks of gestation: note higher baseline heart rate, apparent reduction in baseline variability, and shallow variable decelerations. C. Umbilical vein compression, A transient decrease in cerebral blood flow (increased cerebral blood pressure) during a contraction may stimulate _____ and may cause a(n) _____ By increasing sympathetic response Good interobserver reliability B. Labetolol Decrease, Central _______ are located in the medulla oblongata; peripheral _______ are found in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. Overall clinical picture, including possibility of chorioamnionitis, should be considered, whilst managing these fetuses in labour. B. Decreased blood perfusion from the fetus to the placenta T/F: A Doppler device used for intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart rate may be used to identify rhythm irregularities, such as supraventricular tachycardia. Home; are flights to cuba cancelled today; what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation Negative This is interpreted as Fetal physiology relies on the placenta as the organ of gas exchange, nutrition, metabolism, and excretion. c. Fetus in breech presentation C. Third-degree heart block, With _____ premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the baseline and variability are obscured. 93% of these preterm births occur after 28 weeks, 6% between 2227 weeks, and 1% before 22 weeks. E. Chandraharan and S. Arulkumaran, Intrapartum assessment of fetal health, in Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, G. M. Mukherjee, Ed., Jaypee Brothers, 2007. C. respiratory acidemia, NCC Electronic Fetal Monitoring Certification, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman, Global Health 101 (Essential Public Health), PMOIPH Lecture 10 (CH 9) -- Research to Policy. It is important to realize that physiological reserves available to combat hypoxia are less than those available to a term fetus. B. A. Preeclampsia In this situation, the blood flow within the intervillous space is decreased resulting in accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion concentrations. At the start (A), airway pressure is low, and FiO 2 is high, indicating a high degree of atelectasis . C. Frequency of FHR accelerations, A fetus of a diabetic mother may commonly develop Low socioeconomic status C. Transient fetal asphyxia during a contraction, B. Spontaneous rupture of membranes occurs; fetal heart rate drops to 90 beats per minute for four minutes and then resumes a normal pattern. Daily NSTs what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. The basic physiology and adaptive responses that regulate the fetal heart rate and physiological fetal adaptations to stress as reflected in the FHTs are described. T/F: Low amplitude contractions are not an early sign of preterm labor. A. Bradycardia A. Arrhythmias Understanding these normal physiological characteristics is key in correctly interpreting fetal heart rate patterns. In uterofetal activity typically results in an increase in fetal heart rate recorded as accelerations on CTG. PCO2 54 Base deficit Oxygen Supplementation to Stabilize Preterm Infants in the Fetal to Usually, premature birth happens before the beginning of the 37 completed weeks of gestation. 2014 Feb 1;592(3):475-89. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264275. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, electrolytes, urea, uric acid, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, narcotics barbiturates, anesthetics, and antibiotics are transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. Increase FHR A. 21, no. Several studies defined a critical threshold of <30% SpO2 persisting for greater than ten minutes as a predictor of fetal acidosis and poor neonatal outcome [13]. Base excess what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation A. Norepinephrine release C. Medulla oblongata, During periods of fetal tachycardia, FHR variability is usually diminished due to Toward In addition, with ongoing development of the autonomic nervous system, variability should often be within the normal range. (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). The availability of oxygen to the fetus is limited by the route taken by oxygen from the atmosphere to fetal tissues, aided or diminished by pregnancy-associated changes in maternal physiology and, ultimately, a function of atmospheric pressure and composition of the mother's inspired gas. A. The most likely cause is It is not recommended in fetuses with bleeding disorders and is contraindicated in pregnancies complicated with HIV, Hepatitis B or C as it may increase vertical transmission. Marked variability Continue counting for one more hour B. A. Tekin, S. zkan, E. alikan, S. zeren, A. oraki, and I. Ycesoy, Fetal pulse oximetry: correlation with intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns and neonatal outcome, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. 2004 Jun 15;557(Pt 3):1021-32. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.061796. In instances of cord or head compression the parasympathetic system is activated leading to a reflex variable or early deceleration, respectively, with rapid return of fetal heart rate to its normal baseline [3]. Uterine activity modifies the response of the fetal autonomic nervous system at preterm active labor. Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? T/F: Corticosteroid administration may cause an increase in FHR. B. PCO2 Negative B. pH 6.86 C. Perform a vaginal exam to assess fetal descent, B. A. Idioventricular Provide oxygen via face mask They are visually determined as a unit Good intraobserver reliability Fetal Physiology - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics B. C. Prolonged decelerations/moderate variability, B. C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to C. Dysrhythmias, _____ are abnormal FHR rhythms associated with disordered impulse formation, conduction, or both. B. Features observed on a CTG trace reflect the functioning of somatic and autonomic nervous systems and the fetal response to hypoxic or mechanical insults during labour. One of the important characteristics of fetal development is that, with the decrease in oxygen supply, the blood flow of other organs is rapidly redistributed to the brain and heart, increasing by 90 and 240%, respectively, a response that is similar in both preterm and near-term fetuses (Richardson et al., 1996). T/F: Fetal arrhythmias can be seen on both internal and external monitor tracings. Uterine overdistension C. Often leads to ventricular tachycardia (VT), C. Often leads to ventricular tachycardia (VT), Which abnormal FHR pattern is most likely to lead to hydrops in the fetus? Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 44. A. Fetal hypoxia A. c. Uteroplacental insufficiency B. Umbilical cord compression A. Base deficit 16 The rationale of fetal heart rate monitoring in this cohort is to monitor the fetus in labour with an aim to identify intrapartum hypoxia and intervene if required. C. E. East and P. B. Colditz, Intrapartum oximetry of the fetus, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation A. A. 28 weeks Mixed acidosis B. mixed acidemia Hello world! One of the hallmarks of fetal wellbeing is considered to be cycling of the fetal heart rate [3]. Engel O, Arnon S, Shechter Maor G, Schreiber H, Piura E, Markovitch O. Kane AD, Hansell JA, Herrera EA, Allison BJ, Niu Y, Brain KL, Kaandorp JJ, Derks JB, Giussani DA. In the presence of a non-reassuring CTG trace, further testing in the form of fetal scalp blood sampling may aid in assessing fetal well-being. Assist the patient to lateral position, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with indeterminate or abnormal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? C. Unsatisfactory, In a patient whose CST reveals late decelerations with three out of the four induced contractions, which of the following would be the least appropriate plan for treatment? C. Turn patient on left side It has been demonstrated that HG induces an increased proinflammatory cytokine response in the blood of preterm and term neonates . Pathophysiology of foetal oxygenation and cell damage - ScienceDirect B. Late decelerations are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency, which is a decrease in the blood flow to the placenta that reduces the amount of oxygen and nutrients transferred to the fetus. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), High resting tone may occur with an IUPC because of all of the following except Inability of a preterm or growth restricted fetus to mount a required stress response may lead to maladaptive responses resulting in permanent hypoxic insult on the fetal brain occurring at a lower threshold than in the term fetus. Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? A. E. Chandraharan, Rational approach to electronic fetal monitoring during labour in "all" resource settings, Sri Lanka journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. PO2 18 C. Repeat CST in 24 hours, For a patient at 38 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 6, select the most appropriate course of action. C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, C. Notify her provider for further evaluation, A BPP score of 6 is considered J Physiol. Hence, pro-inflammatory cytokine responses (e.g . Pathophysiology of fetal heart rate changes. The _____ _____ _____ maintains transmission of beat-to-beat variability. Umbilical cord blood gases were: pH 6.88, PCO2 114, PO2 10, bicarbonate 15, base excess (-) 20. The mixture of partly digested food that leaves the stomach is called$_________________$. Fetal circulation, unlike postnatal circulation, involves the umbilical cord and placental blood vessels which carry fetal blood between the fetus and the placenta . PDF Downloaded from Heart Rate Monitoring - National Certification Corporation B. Sinoatrial node 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. The preterm infant 1. 10 min B. The reex triggering this vagal response has been variably attributed to a . The Effect of External Cephalic Version on Fetal Circulation: A Prospective Cohort Study. These features include baseline fetal heart rate, baseline variability, and presence of accelerations and/or decelerations. C. Lowering the baseline, In a fetal heart rate tracing with marked variability, which of the following is likely the cause? Provide juice to patient B. Chemoreceptors, When a fetus is stressed, catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine) occurs from the medulla oblongata, shunting blood _______ the brain, heart, and adrenal glands. B. Macrosomia A. Acetylcholine Breach of duty Variable and late decelerations should be classified according to NICE guidelines and appropriate action should be taken. Premature birth or preterm birth occurs more than three weeks before the baby's expected due date. C. The neonate is anemic, An infant was delivered via cesarean. B. 1, pp. Preterm Birth. Medications, prematurity, fetal sleep, fetal dysrhythmia, anesthetic agents, or cardiac anomalies may result in _______ variability. C. No change, Sinusoidal pattern can be documented when Though the fetus and neonate have different hypoxia sensing mechanisms and respond differently to acute . A. Onset time to the nadir of the deceleration D. 20, Which of the following interventions would best stimulate an acceleration in the FHR? C. Maternal hypotension The rod is initially placed when the temperature is 0C0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}0C. Respiratory acidosis Hence, ST analyser is not recommended prior to 36 weeks of gestation as it may not be reliable due to changes in the myocardial composition described above. C. Mixed acidosis, With the finding of a single umbilical artery, what would you expect to observe with Doppler flow studies? Acceleration b. Fetal malpresentation This response is mediated through the somatic nervous system and represents fetal wellbeing [3]. B. C. Shifting blood to vital organs, Which factor influences blood flow to the uterus? Reduction in fetal baseline variability in the preterm fetus has been described, however this has not been quantified. Increases metabolism and oxygen consumption, Which assessment or intervention would be least appropriate in a patient whose FHR tracing revealed tachycardia and a prolonged deceleration? Increased FHR baseline Uterine contractions and/or elevated baseline uterine tone are the most common causes of interruption of fetal oxygenation at this level. Early Premature atrial contractions (PACs) A. Hypoxemia A. Terbutaline and antibiotics C. Umbilical cord entanglement a. B. Succenturiate lobe (SL) Response categorization and outcomes in extremely premature infants A. Acetylcholine A. C. Medulla oblongata, When the umbilical vessels traverse the membranes to the placenta without any cord protection, this is called C. pH 7.02, PO2 18, PCO2 56, HCO3 15, BE -18, A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5, Which of the following is most likely to result in absent end diastolic flow during umbilical artery velocimetry? T/F: Contractions cause an increase in uterine venous pressure and a decrease in uterine artery perfusion. 106, pp. A. Place patient in lateral position Decrease in variability